What is Python?
Python is a programming language that lets you work more quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. You can learn to use Python and see almost immediate gains in productivity and lower maintenance costs. Python runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac OS X, and has been ported to the Java and .NET virtual machines.
Features
- Powerful and fast. Python lets you write the code you need, quickly. And, thanks to a highly optimized byte compiler and support libraries, Python code runs more than fast enough for most applications.
- Runs everywhere. Python is available for all major operating systems: Windows, Linux/Unix, OS/2, Mac, Amiga, among others.
- Easily integrated. Python can integrate with .COM, .NET, and .CORBA objects. There are implementation of Python for Java libraries and for .NET objects. Python is also supported for the Internet Communications Engine (ICE) and for many other integration technologies.
- Clear & readable syntax. That is why Python is friendly and easy to learn. Python developer and user community maintains a wiki, hosts international and local conferences, runs development sprints, and contributes to online code repositories.
- Freely usable and distributable. The Python implementation is under an open source license that makes it freely usable. Python is free to use, even for commercial products, because of its OSI-approved open source license.
Historical Background
Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software.
In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a sponsoring member of the PSF.
Python software
Python is one of the powerful dynamic programming languages, which is widely used for developing various web systems, including:
Machine learning for Python with Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn is a free and open source machine learning library for Python that provides classification, clustering and regression algorithms
Data exploration and visualization with Caravel
Caravel is Python-based open-source platform for data exploration, discovery, and collaborative analytics. This platform is interactive and intuitive, easily processes and visualizes data.
wger - Python workout manager
wger is a free and open source workout, exercises and nutrition manager. This application is written in Python, offers smooth performance and easy mobile-friendly user interface.
NearPy: search with Python
NearPy is a small open source framework for ANN search in large, high-dimensional data sets.
Create voice-controlled applications with Jasper
Jasper is applied to develop always-on, voice-controlled applications with Raspberry Pi.
Moya - web development platform built with Python
Moya is an open source web development platform built with Python that offers its own executable code to build content
Folium: Python data for maps
Folium is a powerful Python library that visualizes data manipulated in Python on maps with choropleth visualizations and Vincent/Vega markers.
ETE Toolkit for tree analysis and visualization
The ETE toolkit provides Python-based tools for automated manipulation, analysis and visualization of any type of hierarchical trees.
Webrecorder: web archiving service
Webrecorder provides an integrated Python-based platform for creating high-fidelity, verifiable, standards compliant web archives while browsing and sharing archived content.
Silver is a Django app for automatic billing
Silver is a standalone Python/Django package for automatic billing
Lektor: don’t make a compromise between a CMS and a static blog engine
Lector is an open source cross-platform static content management system. It allows building of complex websites out of flat files. It is written in Python and Node.js.
Connect - communication platform from OFA
Connect is an open-source Python/Django-based communication platform used by the Organizing for Action.
PlatformIO - open source ecosystem for IoT development
PlatformIO is an open source ecosystem for IoT development that includes cross-platform code builder and library manager.
Kinto - lightweight JSON storage service
Kinto is an open source JSON storage service that offers synchronisation and sharing features. It is lightweight, implemented in Python and built using Cliquet.
Glances - Python-based system monitoring tool
Glances is a free and open source resources-friendly system monitoring tool written in Python.
Framework for Internal Navigation and Discovery
FIND is an open source Python framework for internal positioning that can be used for home automation, way-finding, or tracking.
Chainer - a Python-based framework for neural networks
Chainer is a powerful, flexible, and intuitive framework for neural networks, written in Python.
TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an open source software library aimed at machine learning and numerical computation using data flow graphs for different types of perceptual and language understanding tasks.
NLTK - Python input to the language processing
The Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) is a uniform toolkit for building Python programs to work in the area of symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) (e.g. tokenization, classification, tagging, stemming, parsing, and semantic reasoning).
RapidSMS builds SMS applications with Python and Django
RapidSMS is a free and open source framework for building interactive SMS applications, written in Python and Django. It is scalable, robust, and highly customizable.
Atomic Structure Analysis in Python with DiffPy project
DiffPy is a free and open source library of Python software modules targeted at the study of atomic structure of materials and analysis of diffraction data. The project contains DiffPy-CMI Complex Modeling framework or storage and manipulation of structure data and calculation of structure-based quantities.
Zulip - powerful open source group chat
Zulip is an open source group chat app that features threaded conversations, syntax highlighting, built-in markup, integrations with such services as Asana, Basecamp, Github, etc. This projects uses Django, Python, JavaScript, and PostgreSQL database.
Vumi - mobile messaging engine
Vumi is an open source mobile messaging platform written in Python that delivers SMS, Star Menu and instant chat messages.
Armada: platform for microservices and Docker orchestration tool
Armada is a complete platform designed to develop, deploy, configure and discover microservices. This solution is written in Python and allows you to manage Docker images.
Open-source e-commerce with Shuup
Shuup is an open-source scalable e-commerce platform for B2C and B2B shops. This secure and rich featured solution is built with Python and Django.
Ibis: Big Data with Python
Ibis is a Python big data framework that offers a 100% Python end-to-end user workflows and scalability for big data.
Canopy - Python Scientific and Analytic Environment
Enthought Canopy provides an open, intuitive Python environment for scientific and analytic computing.
Python web application framework BlueBream
BlueBream is a free and open-source web application server, framework and library written in Python that provides a component architecture, transactional object database, tightly integrated security model and many other features.
Apache Libcloud: Python way to manage the cloud
Libcloud is an open-source Python library for interacting with popular cloud infrastructure providers using a unified API.
Chameleon template engine for Python
Chameleon is an HTML/XML template engine for Python. It is a fast page template implementation which compiles markup templates into Python byte-code. Chameleon is the default template engine for the Pyramid framework. It is also often used with Zope, Django, Plone and Grok projects.
Open Source Q&A with Python and Django
OSQA stands for Open Source Question and Answer. It is a free and open source Q&A system that provides reliable and scalable core features. This software is written in Python and powered by the Django web framework.
ERP5: advanced with Python and Zope
ERP5 is an Enterprise Resource Planning software that provides customers with powerful, agile and scalable solution. It works with several business planning sections: accounting, product design, production, customer relationship management, trade, warehouse management, shipping, invoicing, human resource management, and project management.
MediaDrop: Run a video website built in Python
MediaDrop (previously MediaCore CE) is an open source online video platform that provides delivery and management of video, audio and podcasts. It features impressive accessibility and scalability, a high degree of control over the resources presentation and administration, statistics and commenting. MediaDrop is a Python application built atop the Django framework, integrates with MySQL and PostgreSQL, works with both HTML5 and Flash video players.
Load testing with Python and Locust
Locust.io is an open source Python-based user load testing tool. This lightweight, distributed and scalable framework helps to figure out how many concurrent users a system can handle by writing test scenarios in Python code.
Taiga.io Python-based agile project management platform
Taiga is a free and open source project management platform aimed at agile developers and designers. It is written in Python and built on top of Django and AngularJS. Taigo.io features Kanban and Scrum template, backlog, sprints, custom reports and virtual project video conferencing room.
Online Python interpreters
There are situations when you do not want to install Python on your computer and need tools that will enable you to run Python scripts online. This is a list of online Python tools that can be useful for you.
Python web servers
Here we examine several open source web servers written in Python. They are: Gunicorn, Twisted Web, Chaussette, as well as WSGI servers from Tornado, CherryPy, and Waitress.
Fabric: Streamline with Python
Fabric is a Python library and command-line tool. It provides a basic suite of operations for interacting with SSH and computer systems in order to automate a wide range of tasks from application deployment to general system (and server) administration tasks.
Askbot - Q&A forum using Python and Django
AskBot is a free and open source Question & Answer forum web application written in Python and Django. It offers functionality similar to StackOverflow: Q&A workflow, voting, karma, content moderation, email alert system, and many more.
Isolate Python installations with virtualenv
virtualenv is a tool used to create isolated environments for Python.
Zato and Python: orchestrate integration and much more
Zato is an open source Python-based middleware platform and backend application server. It was designed as an agile ESB (Enterprise Service Bus) aimed at building systems of systems either on-premise or in the cloud. Zato provides SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), REST (Representational State Transfer), APIs and cloud integration, as well as back-end services exposure to front-end clients.
Python testing with nose
nose makes testing for Python easier. It is a fairly well known Python discovery-based unittest extension that can run doctests, unittests, “no boilerplate” tests and provides xUnits, generators and fixtures.
Alerta: alert monitoring in Python
Alerta is an open source scalable monitoring tool that is written in Python, easily configured, accepts alerts from any source, correlates and de-duplicates them, and then presents alerts via an API.
Modelling the fly brain wtih Python's Neurokernel
Neurokernel is an open software platform written in Python and CUDA for developing models of the brain of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and executing them on multiple NVIDIA GPUs.
gevent: tool for high performance Python networking
gevent is a coroutine-based high performance networking library for Python with a high-level synchronous API provided by greenlet and fast event loop based on libev.
Transifex: not just another translation tool
Transifex is a web-based localization management platform for collecting, translating and delivering software products and supporting content. It was written using Django and Python, is offered as a software as a service.
Better products management and tracking with Apache Bloodhound
Apache Bloodhound is an open source web-based project management and bug tracking system. It was built on top of Trac using Python and Bootstrap. This software development collaboration tool features multiple products hosting, enhanced full-text search, and user-friendly design.
Nimbus: cloud computing for science
Nimbus is an open-source toolkit focused on providing Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) capabilities to the scientific community. It is written in Python and Java for rapid development of custom community-specific solutions.
FlaskBB forum software
FlaskBB is a lightweight forum software written in Python using the micro framework Flask.
Invenio
Invenio is a free and open source software suite for management of digital library or document repository on the web. Functionality includes data acquisition, classification, indexing, storage, release, and distribution. It uses Apache/WSGI, Python, and MySQL.
Python distribution: Anaconda
Anaconda is a free enterprise-ready Python distribution with more than 195 Python packages for large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, and scientific computing, including NumPy, SciPy, Netcdf4, Spyder, Matplotlib, Pandas, IPython, Matplotlib, Numba, Blaze, Bokeh and many others.
Viewflow
Viewflow is a reusable workflow library that is Python/Django-friendly, easily customizable and ready to use. It provides explicit, multi-user, static workflow with support for parallel tasks execution and complex split/joins.
What is ERPNext?
ERPNext is an open source web-based system aimed at small and medium sized businesses. It assists companies with accounting, human resource management, sales, purchase, inventory, CRM, administration, project and task management, manufacturing, and even website. ERPNext is built using Python, Frappe, and MySQL.
Build games with Cocos2d
Cocos2d is an open source software framework that is used to build games, apps and other cross-platform GUI-based interactive programs. It is written in Python using pyglet library and features flow control, fast and easy sprites, big number of transitions, actions that allow you to animate quicker, and access to OpenGL functionality.
GeoDjango: improve with geospatial data
GeoDjango is a set of extensions to Django that provides geographic models, database APIs, functions, and utilities to easily incorporate geospatial data inside your web portal or create rich geographic web apps.
Translate on the web with Weblate
Weblate is a free feature rich web-based translation tool written in Python on the basis of Django web framework. Weblate’s main features are: Git integration, effective user interface, automatic linking to source files, propagation of translations across subprojects, and quality checks.
Celery: Python's task queue for Django
Celery is an asynchronous task queue/job queue based on distributed message passing.
Knowledge Management Key (KMKey)
Knowledge Management Key (KMKey) is a web based open source knowledge management software written mostly in Python that allows users to plan and manage projects, follow any Quality Management System, maintain department and manage tickets.
Pootle
Pootle is an online translation and localization tool that features terminology extraction, glossary, goals, statistics, user management, and error checks. It focuses on quality and enables both on-line and offline translation. Pootle was written in Python programming language using the Django framework.
SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy high performing and accurate Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper (ORM) for working with relational databases, using the Python DBAPI for database interactivity.
Manage processes with Circus
Circus is a robust process and socket manager developed using Python and ZeroMQ to run, control and monitor processes and sockets.
SCons: efficient software build tool in Python
SCons is an open source computer software construction tool implemented in Python with automatic detection of source code file dependencies, MD5 signatures, and built-in support for C, C++, Objective-C, D, Yacc, Java, Qt, Fortran, Lex, and SWIG, as well as TeX and LaTeX documents.
OpenStack: cloud operating system in Python
OpenStack is a free and open-source cloud operating system that provides tools to build and manage cloud computing platforms for public and private clouds.
Buildbot - Python continuous integration framework
Buildbot is a software development Python system that provides the structure and components to automate your build, test, and release processes.
IPython is more than just Python
IPython is an interactive shell for Python that provides enhanced introspection, additional shell syntax, flexible debugging, case-sensitive tab completion, parallel computing, etc.
Ansible: Python makes apps and systems easier to deploy
Ansible is a simple open-source software automation platform in Python that takes care of application deployment, configuration management, task execution, and multi-node orchestration. Ansible Playbook for automated deployment of Plone servers was introduced recently.
Salt: Automation and Configuration Management System in Python
Salt is fast and flexible systems management software written in Python for data center automation, cloud orchestration, configuration management, etc.
CMS from Python: Merengue
Merengue is a full-featured and pluggable CMS based on Python and Django.
Bootcamp: Python for social network
Bootcamp is an open source enterprise social network in Python that includes basic features: Feed, Articles, Q&A app.
Pyjs: apps for desktop and browser with Python
Pyjs (also known as Pyjamas) is a development platform for creating rich client-side applications that can in a web browser and as a standalone desktop application. Pyjs includes: a stand-alone Python-to-JavaScript compiler, an AJAX widget toolkit and a Widget Set API.
MyHDL: design hardware with Python
MyHDL is a Python-Based Hardware Description Language
RatticDB: Python password management service
RatticDB is an open source Python/Django based password management database developed to simplify the password management for human teams.
SecureDrop - Python whistleblower platform
SecureDrop is an open source whistleblower platform developed mainly in Python and designed to securely accept documents from and communicate with anonymous sources.
CubicWeb - the semantic web with Python
CubicWeb is well-defined Python semantic web application framework that focuses on quality, reusability and efficiency of the development solution.
Cactus - Python static site generator for designers
Cactus is easy-to use powerful static website generator that basis on Python and the Django templates
Django Fiber - simple CMS on Python
Fiber is a friendly open source CMS for all your django projects that provides easy frontend administration and doesn’t get in your way and is built on JavaScript and Python
CKAN: powerful data management system on Python
CKAN is a world’s leading open-source web-based DMS (Data Management System) written in Python and JavaScript for the storage and distribution of data.
Exceeding OpenERP: Odoo with Python
Odoo (formerly OpenERP) is a suite of open source business Python apps that help in managing businesses and organizations using CMS, a fully-functional eCommerce, a Business Intelligence engine, etc.
AmonOne - Python self-hosted server monitoring
AmonOne is an efficient self-hosted server monitoring system written in Python and JavaScript.
Windmill: writing tests in Python
Windmill is a web testing framework that provides complete testing automation and strong debugging capabilities, tests can be written Python, JavaScript, and Ruby.
Pecan: object-dispatching Python web framework
Pecan is a lightweight and lean WSGI object-dispatching Python web framework focused on building HTTP-based applications.
Kotti: Python-based CMS solution
Kotti is a web application framework that includes full-featured CMS that uses a set of reliable tools like Python, Pyramid, SQLAlchemy, Colander, and Deform.
OpenEMM makes email marketing easy with Python and Django
OpenEMM is a web-based enterprise application for email marketing, newsletters and service mails that uses Python for backend.
FreeNAS: Python way for NAS
FreeNAS - a free and open-source Python/Django software based on FreeBSD and the ZFS file system that enables users to build network-attached-storage (NAS) on nearly any hardware platform.
Falcon - framework for HTTP APIs
Falcon is a high-performance Python framework for building cloud APIs.
Tendenci: with Non Profit Organizations in mind
Tendenci is open source CMS written in Python on a Django web framework and developed specifically for Non Profit Organizations (NPOs).
Tryton: high-level application platform
Tryton is a three-tier high-level general purpose application platform written in Python, usually used as a core base for an Enterprise resource planning (ERP) business solutions.
Ninja-IDE - flexible Python editor
Ninja-IDE is an open source cross-platform integrated development environment that focuses on Python at first but has support for code highlighting for various languages.
PyDev makes work with Eclipse and Python easier
PyDev is a third-party plug-in for Eclipse that supports programming in Python, Cpython, Jython, and IronPython.
Django REST Framework
Django REST framework is an open source, flexible and fully-featured library with modular and customizable architecture that aims at building sophisticated web APIs and uses Python and Django.
Tree.io - powerful business management system
Tree.io open source and powerful business management solution with a big amount of useful features, written in Python, also using Django Web Framework
Isso a commenting server
Combination of CSS, Python and Javascript resulted into quick and handy self-hosted сommenting server - Isso
Raspberry Pi - the optimal way to learn programming
Small, cheap but powerful single-board computer for electronic projects and learning purposes. Study Python and build your own projects with the Raspberry Pi.
PyBuilder - build automation for python
PyBuilder is a reliable and stable multi-purpose software build tool written in Python.
Quokka CMS
Quokka is a flexible and modular CMS powered by Python, Flask, and MongoDB.
FeinCMS - a flexible Django-based CMS
FeinCMS is one of the most flexible, customisable, and feature rich Content Management Systems built on Django and Python.
Pygal - Python SVG Charts Creator
Pygal is a dynamic SVG charting creator
WeasyPrint - HTML/CSS to PDF tool
WeasyPrint is visual rendering engine written in Python that converts HTML/CSS documents to PDF.
Radicale - a simple calendar and contact server
Radicale is a simple CalDAV (calendar) and CardDAV (contact) server solution written in Python for clients like Mozilla Thunderbird with Lightning extension, Evolution, KDE KOrganizer, iPhone, etc.
Nikola is a Python based static website generator
Nikola is a static site and blog generator based on Python.
Mercurial - Python version control system
Mercurial is free version control tool based on the distributed model written in Python. It is quite simple in usage, but its features include high performance and scalability, decentralized and collaborative development, and advanced branching and merging capabilities.
Cartridge - Python shopping cart application
Cartridge is a Python based shopping cart system used as neat, smart and easy in use e-commerce developing base.
Tangelo a robust visual web application framework for Python
Tangelo is a robust web server framework that develops rich and interactive web applications with Python
Wagtail is a new open source Django-based CMS
Wagtail is a Django-based content management system developed to improve flexibility and user experience.
Use pandas for data analysis in Python
pandas is an open source package that provides flexible and high-performance data structure manipulation and analysis tools for Python.
web.py quickly implements simple Python web apps
Web.py is a lightweight and simple framework that assists in the development of simple Python web applications.
django-SHOP lightweight e-commerce implementation
Django SHOP is lightweight and fast pythonic/djangonic solution for e-commerce.
OpenCV - perfect for real-time computer vision
OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) is a library that provides real-time computer vision and real-time image processing.
Bokeh - a python library for interactive visualization
Bokeh is a Python interactive visualization library for large datasets.
OpenERP - enterprise resource planning in Python
OpenERP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that uses Python as a programming language, JavaScript for web client, and PostgreSQL as a database back-end.
Spyder - Scientific PYthon Development EnviRonment
Spyder is a powerful IDE for scientific programming in Python. It is efficient and free alternative to MatLab.
Shinken offers flexible monitoring capabilities
Shinken is free and open source computer system and network monitoring software, written in Python and compatible with Nagios.
Booktype gives books a new perspective
Booktype is an open source software built on top of the Django web framework for authoring, editing, and publishing books to PDF, ePub, .mobi,ODT, and HTML, or export to Amazon, iBooks, Lulu.com, and other print-on-demand or ebook stores.
Graphite real-time graphing system
Graphite is a highly scalable graphing system written entirely in Python that features scalability and real-time access.
Ferris: specially for App Engine
Ferris is flexible and mature open source MVC framework that simplifies the process of App Engine application development in Python.
Robust web application server Substance D
Substance D is a web application server written in Python with stable and refined management interface (SDI) that can be quickly built for custom user experience.
Pylint - Python code analyzer
Pylint is a Python code analyzer that looks for the source code bug and programming errors, enforces coding standard and aims at improving code quality.
Haystack - Python custom search solution
Haystack is a Python solution for search engines that allows to switch between different backends without having to modify the initial code.
Satchmo - shopping cart framework as a part of Python e-commerce solution
Satchmo is rich and functional shopping cart framework for Django and Python
Oscar and Django offer a Python solution for e-commerce
Oscar is Django framework written in Python and designed to build domain-driven websites with non-trivial business logic
boto - Python solution for Amazon Web Services
Boto is a Python package that provides easy interaction, interface and automate usage of different Amazon Web Services.
Scrapy - an open source Python web scraping and crawling framework
Scrapy is a fast and efficient web scraping and crawling framework used for extracting structured data from web pages for a wide range of purposes.
Jinja2 - secure and fast Python template engine
Jinja2 is fast, secure and designer friendly templating language for Python and Django.
Cheetah - Python template engine
Cheetah is an open-source Python-powered template engine and code generation tool
PyCharm for productive Python and Web development
PyCharm is an intelligent Python IDE that was built by programmers for programmers to ensure comfortable and enjoyable Python and Web development.
Learning Python
Python is easy and powerful programming language with elegant syntax and object-oriented approach to technology. It is cross-platform, as it runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, and Mac OS X. There is a need for comprehensive introduction to the Python programming language, starting from beginners with no previous programming experience.
Bottle, Python framework for building websites
Bottle.py is fast and lightweight micro web-framework for Python. It was designed to create small-scaled web applications and services.
Kivy: GUI and Mobile applications with Python
Kivy is an open source library, written in Python that becomes widely used for rapid development of cross-platform mobile applications and GUI.
Sphinx - Python documentation framework
Python application for creating documentation
Flask Python Framework
A micro framework, written in Python, easy to extend with comprehensive documentation
PyPy - Successful Python Performance
Speedy and flexible,PyPy implementation provides you with a wide range of productive innovative ideas designed to meet your requirements
Twisted Web with Python
Twisted is an event-driven engine, written in Python, ideal for network application development. It ensures high reliability and performance speed of the developed solutions.
web2py - Following Ease of Use Principle
web2py is a scalable open source Python-based web application framework launched in 2007 as a teaching tool which then expanded into the full-fledged database-driven framework. Quintagroup provides its clients with the most highly effective solutions based on this framework
Pyramid Web Framework - Bringing New Ideas to Life
Pyramid Web Framework is an open source Python-based web application framework which appears as one of the web solutions suggested by Quintagroup
TurboGears - Next Generation Python Framework
Turbogears is an open source data-driven dynamic web application framework written in Python. TurboGears is ideal for creating extensible and flexible web applications.
Python IDE
There is no single best Python IDE. In this article, we examine eight Python integrated development environments, many open source, but some commercial. They are Eric, Komodo, Pydev, PyScripter, SPE, Spyder, Wing IDE and PyCharm.
KARL - Managing Your Knowledge
KARL is the web-based open source system for collaboration, intranets organization and knowledge management.
Simple Python Programs
This article proposes a list of simple programs, written in Python. You can use them as samples, while learning to program with Python.
Tornado, Python-based web server
Tornado is an open source web server built on top of web.py, a powerful Python web framework.
Mayan EDMS, Python-based document manager
Mayan EDMS is an open-source, Django-based system for managing electronic documents, written in Python.
Armstrong, improved Python publishing platform
Armstrong , an open-source platform, is based on the Django Web Framework and written in Python.
Pinax, Python-based platform
Pinax , an open-source platform, based on the Django Web Framework and written in Python.
Mezzanine, Python-based CMS
Mezzanine is an open source content management system built on top of Django, a high-level Python Web framework for rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. Now it is available under the BSD license.
Python at Google
Python as an official language at Google. Python usage on Google various applications.
Python Unit Testing - Why Do It?
learn more about Python unit testing, unit testing frameworks PyUnit, Nose and doctest modules and the best techniques stubs, mocks
